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0-1 BFS

It is well-known, that you can find the shortest paths between a single source and all other vertices in $O(|E|)$ using Breadth First Search in an unweighted graph, i.e. the distance is the minimal number of edges that you need to traverse from the source to another vertex. We can interpret such a graph also as a weighted graph, where every edge has the weight $1$. If not all edges in graph have the same weight, then we need a more general algorithm, like Dijkstra which runs in $O(|V|^2 + |E|)$ or $O(|E| \log |V|)$ time.

However if the weights are more constrained, we can often do better. In this article we demonstrate how we can use BFS to solve the SSSP (single-source shortest path) problem in $O(|E|)$, if the weight of each edge is either $0$ or $1$.

Algorithm

We can develop the algorithm by closely studying Dijkstra's algorithm and thinking about the consequences that our special graph implies. The general form of Dijkstra's algorithm is (here a set is used for the priority queue):

d.assign(n, INF);
d[s] = 0;
set<pair<int, int>> q;
q.insert({0, s});
while (!q.empty()) {
    int v = q.begin()->second;
    q.erase(q.begin());

    for (auto edge : adj[v]) {
        int u = edge.first;
        int w = edge.second;

        if (d[v] + w < d[u]) {
            q.erase({d[u], u});
            d[u] = d[v] + w;
            q.insert({d[u], u});
        }
    }
}

We can notice that the difference between the distances between the source s and two other vertices in the queue differs by at most one. Especially, we know that $d[v] \le d[u] \le d[v] + 1$ for each $u \in Q$. The reason for this is, that we only add vertices with equal distance or with distance plus one to the queue during each iteration. Assuming there exists a $u$ in the queue with $d[u] - d[v] > 1$, then $u$ must have been insert in the queue via a different vertex $t$ with $d[t] \ge d[u] - 1 > d[v]$. However this is impossible, since Dijkstra's algorithm iterates over the vertices in increasing order.

This means, that the order of the queue looks like this:

$$Q = \underbrace{v}_{d[v]}, \dots, \underbrace{u}_{d[v]}, \underbrace{m}_{d[v]+1} \dots \underbrace{n}_{d[v]+1}$$

This structure is so simple, that we don't need an actual priority queue, i.e. using a balanced binary tree would be an overkill. We can simply use a normal queue, and append new vertices at the beginning if the corresponding edge has weight $0$, i.e. if $d[u] = d[v]$, or at the end if the edge has weight $1$, i.e. if $d[u] = d[v] + 1$. This way the queue still remains sorted at all time.

vector<int> d(n, INF);
d[s] = 0;
deque<int> q;
q.push_front(s);
while (!q.empty()) {
    int v = q.front();
    q.pop_front();
    for (auto edge : adj[v]) {
        int u = edge.first;
        int w = edge.second;
        if (d[v] + w < d[u]) {
            d[u] = d[v] + w;
            if (w == 1)
                q.push_back(u);
            else
                q.push_front(u);
        }
    }
}

Dial's algorithm

We can extend this even further if we allow the weights of the edges to be even bigger. If every edge in the graph has a weight $\le k$, then the distances of vertices in the queue will differ by at most $k$ from the distance of $v$ to the source. So we can keep $k + 1$ buckets for the vertices in the queue, and whenever the bucket corresponding to the smallest distance gets empty, we make a cyclic shift to get the bucket with the next higher distance. This extension is called Dial's algorithm.

Practice problems